THE 



PROCESS OF 



(^ildir\^^^^Sfoi\Xi^, 



PICTURE FRAMES, 



¥~ 






Xeto Yorfe ; 

GEORGE F. NESBITT Sc CO., PRINTERS 

COR- VEARL AND TINE STRSETS. 
1684. 






Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1884, by 

ISAAC H. WALKER, \ 
In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 

^_ /Vr 



/ 



J,' 



\5 



I 



PRELIMINARY REMARKS 



Gilding and Bronzing, 



The art of gilding has been practiced from the 
earliest dates. Mention of it is made in the Scrip- 
tures, and it was known to the Egyptians, who made 
an extensive use of it in the ornamentation of their 
burial cases. It became to be generally used amongst 
the Komans soon after the downfall of Carthage, and 
was applied very profusely to the decoration of their 
dwellings and temples. 

During the middle ages, and when the seats of 
learning and civilization were located in Italy and 
among the Moorish Arabs in Spain, the most elabo- 
rate use of it was made in almost every branch of 
art. It entered largely into architectural decoration, 
and the cathedrals and mosques were favorite objects 
for its display. 

Among the Chinese, the use of gold leaf as a 
method of decoration has been practiced for an indefi- 



4: GILDING AND BRONZING. 

nite period, and its origin with them must be very 
ancient. Taken altogether, gilding is an art that has 
been and still is in more general use than any other ; 
and the reason is, that it is almost always appropriate 
wherever called into requisition. 

The art of gilding and of bronzing can readily be 
acquired by any one who is disposed to devote care 
and attention to it. It is an art having few, if any, 
amateurs. Those who practice it are generally those 
who follow it as a trade, and, perhaps, for the reason 
that such persons have but little time to spare from 
their profession, there is so little written information 
found on the subject. 

The cyclopaedias are exceedingly deficient in every^ 
thing like a correct or reliable description of the art 
The information which they give is mostly of an ele- 
mentary character, and of a kind that is somewhat 
impracticable and very unavailable. 

It was the want of a reliable work on the subject 
that suggested to me the publication of such a general 
exposition of the whole matter as would prove useful 
to those who might desire to be informed on it. I do 
not propose to do more than give a description of the 
various processes, and to endeavor to make such a 
description as simple and lucid as possible. It is no 
part of a gilder's business to make the frame which 
he has to gild. Such used to be the case, but now 
there are factories where the frame is turned out 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 5 

completely made. There are a number of sucli fac- 
tories in New York,and the person requiring a frame 
has only to select the desired pattern and have it 
made up according to the dimensions of the picture 
to be framed. Neither do I think it necessary to in- 
troduce the subject of preparing those materials which 
are made expressly for the purpose by regular dealers, 
and which, of course, will then be found more reli- 
able than when made by inexperienced hands. There 
are several respectable dealers in New York who keep 
for sale almost everything connected with the gilding 
and bronzing processes. 

At a time when every one is more or less interested 
in the subject of decorative art, and when many are 
seeking to qualify themselves towards proficiency in 
some one or other branch of it, perhaps no more ap- 
propriate subject could be offered to the public than 
that of gilding a picture-frame in all its parts. 

No fine picture should be without a fine frame, and 
even with a fine frame an indifferent picture is very 
much improved ; but taste and discernment are both 
required in the selection of such a frame as either a 
fine or an indifferent picture may require ; and, al- 
though the artist in general is supposed to be the 
best qualified to determine as to the manner in which 
his painting should be framed, the frame-maker is 
really more competent for that duty, and for the best 
of all reasons — that it is his specialty. 



6 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

Frames gilded in different colors of gold leaf are 
frequently seen, and, for some subjects, such frames 
may do very well ; but, in general, the deep-colored 
gold is the most appropriate, and is the better suited 
to remain in favor with the public. There can hardly 
be anything richer than a frame finished in burnished 
and matted gold of a deep shade of color. 

Bronze frames, which have recently come so much 
into vogue, are destined to retain their hold upon the 
public esteem for a long time. They are a separate 
style of decoration, one that is very rich, and which 
admits of great variety in the preparation, and they 
are particularly appropriate to many subjects, such 
as water colors and engravings. 

The art of their preparation is comparatively new 
to this country, although it has been practiced for a 
long time in Europe ; where, perhaps, the best work is 
yet done. It has hitherto been kept a profound secret 
by its votaries, and it has been a very difficult pro- 
ceeding for an amateur to obtain the least insight into 
it. It is said that some bronzers, when practicing the 
art, shut themselves apart, in order to prevent their 
operations being watched. There is really no reason 
for so much secrecy on the part of those who have 
become possessed of the information concerning this 
process, for the process is, in fact, a very simple one. 
It does not require anything like the manipulation 
which gilding requires. It is rather more laborious, 



GILDING AND BRONZING. i 

however, as the amount of burnishing of which it is 
susceptible is almost unlimited. This, however, is 
not labor lost, as it serves to enhance the attractive- 
ness of the frame when finished. 

It is the practice to use different colored bronze 
powders in combination, and these combinations are 
very rich in their effect. The silver, copper and verde- 
antique make rich contrasts. There is a great field 
for the exercise of taste in the bronzing process, and 
those who are adepts in it can command high prices 
for their work. The only drawback, and it is equally 
a drawback to many other excellent processes, is, that 
its popularity has been the means of causing a vast 
deal of cheap and inferior work to be brought before 
the public ; but work that is really fine will continue 
to be regarded with favor wherever it may be found. 




THE GILDING PROCESS. 
I. 

I WILL now proceed to give a list and description of 
the various implements and materials which are re- 
quired in the process oi gilding picture frames. 

1. — A Gilding Cushion, on which to lay the leaves 
of gold preparatory to cutting them into the sizes 
required for laying. This may be procured already 
made. It is made of a board one-half inch thick and 
nine and one-half inches long by five and one-half 
inches wide, covered with buckskin and padded with 
several thicknesses of Canton flannel. It usually has 
a shield of parchment, about four inches high, on one 
end, to protect the leaves from currents of air. Under- 
neath, is a loop for the thumb, which is to be inserted 
in it when the cushion is to be held in the hand. 
There is also another loop to hold the gilding knife 
when not in use. 

2. — A Gilding Knife, for cutting the gold leaf. It 
should be double-edged and have a tolerably keen 
edge ; not so much so as to cut the cushion, but suf- 
ficiently so to divide the leaf without tearing it. 
When it becomes dull it may be readily sharpened by 
rubbing the edges with a piece of very fine sand paper. 

8. — Brushes, both bristle and camel's hair. IS'um- 
bers 4: and o, of the bristle brushes, flat, are the sizes 



10 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 



mostly required, either for applying tlie white coat or 
the oil-size. For the camel's hair brushes, numbers 
4, 5 and 6 are very useful, as well as a number 6 or 8 
lettering pencil (brush) ; also several fitch blenders, 
numbers 9 and 10 are good sizes ; procure one of each. 
4. — Burnishers. These must be of several shapes 
and sizes. Every gilder will become accustomed to 
some particular shape and size, and practice onlj^ will 
determine the most desirable one ; but for ordinary 
use, the following shapes and sizes will be found suf- 
ficient for almost any work : 






The burnishers should be made of flint, though agate 
is frequently used, particularly for burnishing silver 
leaf. They should be securely fastened in wooden 
handles by means of brass ferrules. These handles, 
as well as the stones, frequently become loosened from 
continual use and require refastening. This is done 
by renewing the filling with gum shellac or powdered 
rosin, and applying sufficient heat to set the stones. 
On cooling, they will be found to be again firm in 



GILDINO- AND BRONZING. 11 

their sockets. The same method may be pursued with 
regard to the handle. A little brick-dust mixed with 
the rosin gives a more secure hold. 

Burnishers, contrary to the general opinion of those 
who manufacture and sell them, should not be too 
highly polished, but the surface should be rather dull, 
as in this condition they take a better hold on the 
gold. If they have too much polish, they glide over 
the leaf without burnishing it. The polish may be 
subdued or removed by rubbing the burnishers with 
crocus martis and oil spread upon a chamois-skin. 
Care must, of course, be exercised in the operation, 
or too much of the polish will be removed and the 
burnisher will require to be repolished. It is, per- 
haps, needless to say that the burnishers should be 
kept scrupulously clean and free from everything like 
moisture and grease. 

5. — Tips. These are made of both camel's hair and 
badger hair. They are used to lift the gold lenf from 
the cushion, after it has been suitably cut, and to apply 
it to the surface prepared to receive it. When they do 
not freely take up the leaf, it is customary to pass them 
across the hair of the head, when they receive suffi- 
cient electricity from it to attach the gold at once to 
them. This attraction has been attributed to the 
moisture which the tips receive from the hair, but I 
think tlie notion is a mistaken one. The tips evi- 
dently become electrified, for they will, in that con- 
dition, attract the gold at some distance ofi. Moisture 



12 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

would not produce this eflfect. The camel's hair tips 
are the best to use. Several of them will be re- 
quired. It is a good plan to cut an old one down to 
within an inch and a half of the paste-board handle, 
and so use it, when very narrow slips of the leaf are 
being used ; they can be lifted better and more safely 
with such a contrivance. In all cases, the tip should 
not be applied to more of the gold to be raised by it 
than is actually necessary for the purpose. 

6. — Some Glue, of the best white quality. Many 
gilders use gelatine instead of glue. For mixing 
with the burnish-size, the gelatine is undoubtedly the 
more desirable. The glue should be naturally white, 
not artificially so-colored ; and it should be free from 
all grit and sediment. Cooper's make, of both glue 
and gelatine, is undoubtedly the best, for all purposes 
of gilding. It acts more uniformly and is altogether 
the most reliable. 

7.: — Pipe Clay, for coating the composition parts 
of the frame. It usually comes in lumps and must 
be allowed to soak before mixing. The pipe clay has 
superseded the use of whiting for the two primary 
white coats to a frame. It is free from all grit, whilst 
whiting is not, and it gives a soft, smooth surface for 
the ]i.yer of gold leaf. 

B. — Paris White, or whiting. This is used for 
stopping up holes and other imperfections in the 
frame. It has more body than the pipe clay, and for 
that reason is used instead of it. Paris white is sim- 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 13 

-^ 
ply whiting precipitated in powder, and it is conse- 
quently freer from grit and other impurities. 

9. — Oil-size. This is used for giving the adhesive 
coat to which the gold is applied when laid in oil. 

10.— BuRNiSH-siZE. Used for giving the coat to 
which the gold is applied when a burnished surface 
is required. 

11. — Cotton batting, of a good quality. This is 
used for pressing down the gold leaf when it is being 
laid in oil. 

12. — GrOLD Leaf, of the best quality of deep-colored 
gold. The leaf comes done up in books of twenty- 
five leaves each, and made into packs of twenty books 
each. 

13. — An Ox-Gall, strained into a bottle, with about 
two teaspoonfuls of carbolic acid to preserve it from 
decomposition. This, mixed with the white coat and 
the clear size, will prevent pin-holes and frothing. 
Some gilders use alcohol and even spirits of turpen- 
tine for this purpose ; vinegar has also been recom- 
mended, but, after a thorough trial of all of them, I 
feel confident that the best results will be had with 
the ox-gall. 

11. — Carbolic Acid. The crystallized form is the 
best to use. It comes in bottles of a pound weight. 
It must be melted by placing the bottle in hot water ; 
and, when the fluid condition takes place, add some 
water, when the whole mass will remain fluid. This 
is a perfect antiseptic and very useful to mix with the 



14 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

glue and gelatine, which are thereby preserved from 
decomposition. 

15. — Sand Paper ; numbers 0, ^ and 1. 

16. — Alcohol, of the highest proof. This is used 
in laying the gold leaf which is to be burnished. 

17. — Japan gold size. 

18. — Shellac Varnish, both the brown and the 
white. 

19.— Burnish-size Strainer. 

20. — Several Cups, for mixing the different pre- 
parations. It is well to have covers for them, as all 
the preparations should be effectually protected from 
dust. 

21. — A Graduated Glass Measure ; one of four 
ounces capacity is the most useful. 

22. — Spoons, for mixing with. The tea size is the 
best for general use. 

II. 

The burnish-size should be always kept in a china 
or earthenware jar. If kept in a tin vessel, its mois- 
ture causes the tin to rust, and the deposit caused by 
the rust is highly injurious to the size. The oil-size 
may be kept in a tin vessel provided with a cover. 
When this size is required for use, it should be thorough- 
ly stirred up, as the coloring matter of which it is in 
part composed, being the heaviest, has a tendency to 
settle and to leave the pure oil on the surface. Take 
out only a sufficient quantity for immediate use. as it 
sets quite rapidly, particularly in warm weather; and 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 15 

do not return any that may be left, back to the orig- 
inal vessel containing the size. Pay no attention to 
the skin which from time to time forms on the sur- 
face, when not in use. 

III. 

We will now proceed in earnest to the serious work 
of gilding a picture frame. 

1. — Commence by weighing out one ounce and a 
half of glue or gelatine. Put this into a cup and 
pour over it eight ounces of water by measurement. 
This of course you will do with the aid of your gradu- 
ated glass measure. Let the glue soak for several 
hours, and then set the cup in a pan of water and ex- 
pose it to heat until the glue becomes perfectly fluid 
and completely melted. A teaspoonful of carbolic 
acid must now be stirred into it and thoroughly in- 
corporated with it. The acid will preserve it, as already 
stated, from decomposition, and most effectually so 
and for any length of time. This glue should be 
strained before being used. Whenever a portion of 
it will be required for the preparations herein de- 
scribed, it is well to take out as much only as may be 
wanted for use, leaving the balance untouched ; as by 
so doing its purity can be relied upon, and besides, 
the oftener glue is melted the weaker it becomes. 

2. — Lay down the frame which is to be gilded, back 
up, and, with a pencil, mark a line across the sections, 
if there be any, so as to be enabled to return them to 
their correct positions when ready to do so. Next, 



16 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

draw out the nails which fasten the sections together, 
and then take them apart. Now turn the sections 
face up and proceed to fill up any nail-holes about the 
corners, where the sides have been joined together, as 
well as all imperfections which may be found to exist. 
There are often fractures and indentations to be 
found, and these must be carefully repaired and the 
frame, or its several parts, made as perfect as can be. 
The joining at the corner must be filled up and made 
to appear solid. 

3. — The preparation with which all this is to be 
done is made as follows : 

Mix some of the Paris white with just sufficient 
water to moisten it thoroughly, and then add enough 
of the glue which has been described, and which has 
been melted for the purpose, to make the mixture 
into a thick paste. The Paris white might be mixed 
at once with the glue, but it does not seem to combine 
so well as when it has been previously moistened with 
water. It will be too lumpy and full of undissolved 
particles, unless mixed with the fingers ; which opera- 
tion would be generally objectionable. The paste 
should be just thick enough not to run. 

4. — Now proceed to fill up the nail-holes, corner 
joints and all other visible imperfections with this 
mixture; either by applying it with a small bristle 
brush and laying on a sufficient quantity, until the 
required places are fully stopped up, and, when per- 
fectly dry, sand-papering them down smooth and uni- 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 17 

form, or by applying it like putty, with the fingers. 
The latter method is not recommended, as it requires 
a peculiar facility in the management, which can only 
be acquired by considerable practice, and besides, it 
does not give as good results. 

5. — After smoothing down the fiUings-up, the flats 
and hollows of the frame should be gone over first 
with number sand-paper, and afterwards with a 
moistened rag, and be rubbed perfectly smooth and 
even and until the surface appears polished. 

6. — The frame will now be ready for the white 
coat, which must be prepared in the following man- 
ner and then applied to the composition parts only : 

Soak some of the pipe clay in water, barely enough 
of the latter to moisten the clay thoroughly, and then 
add enough of the glue, already prepared and in so 
tot a state as to render it of the consistency of thin 
cream ; and add also a teaspoonful of the ox-gall, to 
prevent pin-holes forming and to keep it from froth- 
ing. A little practice will be required to determine 
invariably the requisite consistency, but the above 
directions will give a satisfactory result. The object 
of these two preliminary white coats is to kill any 
grease which may still adhere to the moulding, and 
which would otherwise prevent the proper drying of 
the oil-size. They also serve to give a soft and 
smooth appearance to these parts. The mixture as 
described must be applied warm, with a bristle brush 
(number 4 will do for the purpose), to all the compo- 
sition parts of the frame. Apply this mixture spar- 



18 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

ingly, but sufficiently to cover the parts completely, 
and be careful to avoid bubbles while applying it. 
When the first coat is perfectly dry, apply the second. 

T. — When the last white coat is perfectly dry, two 
coats of clear size should be applied all over these 
portions which are to receive a coat of oil-size. Even 
where a portion of the composition is to be burnished, 
(which process is done in water,) it is better to go all 
over these parts with the clear size ; but the hollows 
and flats which should be burnished must not be 
touched, if it be possible to avoid doing so. 

8. — The clear size is prepared as follows : Take one 
part of the melted glue, as already prepared, and mix 
it with two parts of water, adding a little of the ox-gall 
for the purpose already mentioned, and apply this 
mixture hot, when required, using a bristle brush for 
the purpose. 

9. — The next step will be to prepare, for the purpose^ 
those portions of the frame which require to be bur- 
nished. They must be coated with from three to four 
coats of burnish-size. Those portions of the composi- 
tion work which are to be burnished should have one 
or two preliminary coats of Paris white, applied rather 
thicker than the white coats of pipe clay ; and these 
coats of Paris white are prepared in the same manner 
as are those of pipe clay. These coats, of course, must 
only be applied after the portions of the moulding 
which are to be burnished have been filled up and 
smoothed down. The filling up is done with thick 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 19 

whiting, and the smoothing down is to be done with 
a wet rag. 

10. — Many gilders use, as a primary coating for the 
burnish-size, a preparation which is called yellow clay. 
This yellow clay is supplied by dealers, and is to be 
mixed in just the same way that the burnish-size is. 
It gives a more elastic bed for the burnishing process ; 
but the same result may be had by giving an extra coat 
or two of the burnish-size. I do not recommend its 
use, particularly for beginners. It only serves to com- 
plicate a process that is already complicated enough. 

11. — The burnish-size, as it is supplied by the deal- 
ers, is not in a condition to be at once used, but must 
be prepared for that purpose in the following manner : 

Take some of the crude burnish-size and mix it in 
a cup with water, add but little water at a time, and 
mix thoroughly, until the mixture barely drips from 
the spoon with which it is being mixed. Now add a 
teaspoonful or two of the hot glue already prepared. 
On stirring this up, the mass becomes very thick. 
Continue to add cautiously more glne until the whole 
begins to thin down, which it will do almost immedi- 
ately. Perfect success in the burnish work depends 
almost entirely upon the proper mixing of the bur- 
nish-size. The various stages of the process must be 
invariably observed, just as they have been here de- 
scribed. If the operator exercises ordinary care only, 
he will rarely make a failure ; though sometimes fail- 
ure will occur, in spite of all precaution. 

This lot of burnish-size may be treated also as a 



20 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

stock to be used from as required. Owing to the car- 
bolic acid which has been mixed with the glue, it will 
keep from decomposition an indefinite length of time. 
Without that antiseptic quality imparted to it, it would 
spoil in a few days. 

As now mixed, it will be found rather hard for the 
final coat or two, and it must be thinned down with 
thinner glue, or simply with water, for these coats; 
but for the first two coats it will be about right, and 
it must be made thin enough to lay smoothly and 
evenly on the flats and hollows without clogging the 
brush. When applied to the ornamental parts, it may 
be applied thicker. This burnish-size must be strained 
through the strainer. These strainers are procured 
from the dealers in gilding materials. Of course, the 
size will not run through the strainer, but it must be 
worked through by means of a bristle brush. It may 
as well be- said here that all preparations should be 
strained, so as to avoid any particles of sediment which 
may be in the materials. 

12. — Two or three coats of this prepared burnish- 
size must now be applied to those parts which are to 
be burnished, using a round camel's hair brush for the 
purpose. These coats must be laid on very smoothly 
and uniformly. The first coat will go on rather 
crudely, owing to the absorption of the size by the 
under surface ; but the succeeding coats go on more 
freely. The size should be applied warm,- not hot, 
and the brush used for the purpose should be stirred 



GILDING AND BRONZING 21 

up frequently, so as to separate the Lairs and allow it 
to work freely. The surplus quantity must be re- 
moved from the brush by drawing it across the sides 
of the cup. The two final coats should be applied in 
the same manner, but the size used must not be so 
strong with glue. 

When the final coat is dry, it will then be ready for 
the application of the gold leaf. 

13. — The burnishing of a frame is generally done 
before the oil gilding. The application of the gold 
leaf is made in the following manner : 

With the graduated glass measure, mix one part of 
alcohol with three parts of water. This solution, 
which is called gin-water^ is the medium by which the 
gold leaf is applied and affixed to those parts which 
have been coated with the burnish-size. Lay the 
frame in a convenient position to work upon it, and 
have the gilding cushion, the knife, the tips and the 
gold leaf conveniently placed for use. The customary 
way of proceeding is to blow from the book on to the 
cushion as many leaves as it may be convenient to use. 
Some expertness is required to perform this operation 
successfully, and I believe that the time required to 
obtain this expertness is employed to better advantage 
in removing from the book, with the aid of the knife, 
a leaf at a time, when it is required to cut one into a 
number of pieces; or to cut the leaf as it lays in the 
book, either with the thumb-nail or with the knife. 
Of course, this will be a matter of choice with the 



22 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

gilder, as to how he will proceed ; and be will be alto- 
gether governed by the greater facility witli which he 
can work with either method. When the leaf has 
been cut into the required size for use, lift, by means 
of the tip, first drawn across the hair of the head, a 
piece of the gold leaf, and, after wetting thoroughly 
with the gin-water the portion where it is to be laid, 
using a camel's hair brush for the purpose, apply the 
gold quickly. 

There seems to be in the gold an occult attraction 
towards the gin-water; for the leaf is at once drawn 
to it, and care mast be exercised to have the leaf ap- 
plied at once as nearly right as possible, for where it 
goes, there it must remain. It must not be touched 
until dry ; although a cyclopaedia informs us that the 
leaf must be pressed down with a camel's hair brush. 
Such a proceeding would result in anything but a 
nice state of affairs, as any one will find who might 
make the experiment. 

14. — Never retouch the gold until dry. If the leaf 
cracks on going on, which it will do in inexperienced 
hands, do not mind it, but proceed to lay the gold 
where required. On moistening with the gin-water, 
be careful not to touch gold already laid, but wet 
close up to and adjoining it, and let the next piece of 
leaf lay or lap a little over the first. The moisture 
runs from the one into the ether and makes the junc- 
tion, when dry, complete. 

15. — When the lay is completed and dry, proceed to 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 23 

patch up any cracks and imperfections. This is done 
by using the number 6 or 8 lettering pencil, and with 
its long and flexible point, filled with sufficient of the 
gin-water, wetting the cracks and imperfections one 
by one and applying pieces of the gold leaf of the re- 
quired sizes to cover them up completely. 

These pieces at once adhere to and join the lay 
perfectly, and, when they come to be burnished over, 
never show in the least where they have been applied, 
unless the burnish-size is too harsh and hard. In 
this case, the double layer of gold is brought out. 

16. — In about an hour or so, for the flats and hollows, 
and rather longer for those places where the moisture 
settles and collects, and consequently remains longer, 
the lay will be ready to be burnished. The burnisher 
should be held at an angle, not too perpendicularly, 
and applied to the gold, finishing as you go along, 
and burnishing only a small piece at a time. Burnish 
right over the leaf, just as it has been laid, without 
brush-ing off the loose gold leaf. 

17. — Burnish over the loose and the firm gold to- 
gether. Sometimes, and most generally, there will be 
imperfections in the burnishing when first completed. 
These may arise from imperfect adhesion of the leaf, 
or from the leaf rubbing off when the burnish-size has 
been made too strong with glue, and so the surface has 
become harsh and hard. These imperfect places may 
be repaired by simply rubbing them with a wet rag to 
remove any leaf still adhering, and, when dry, going 



24 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

over tliem v^ith a thin coat or tw^o of barnish-size and 
relaying them with gold ; but using the least moisture 
possible, or otherwise a stain will appear around the 
edges where the moisture has settled. Of course, such 
places must be reburnished. No moisture should ever 
be allowed to get on the leaf where another piece of gold 
leaf is not at once affixed, as otherwise a stain will be 
made which will mar the uniform purity of the burnish. 

18. — Sometimes the surface will chip under the bur- 
nisher, particularly about an edge or corner, when too 
much pressure is applied. This may arise from seve- 
ral causes, but most generally does from the fact that 
the first and second coats of size have not been of the 
proper strength, and consequently have a tendency to 
crumble when the burnisher is applied with more than 
ordinary force. 

19. — In very warm weather, gilders are in the habit 
of putting a piece of ice in the gin-water. The object 
of this is not particularly clear. It is claimed for it, 
however, that it causes the gin-water to lay better 
on the surface of the burnish-size. 

If a chip should occur in a prominent flat, there is 
no remedy but to wash off the gold leaf with a wet 
rag, and down to the hard finish, and to re-do the 
side entirely over. When not too prominent, fill up 
the chipped place with Paris white, and when dry, 
scrape smooth with a penkife, and after giving two 
or three coats of burnish-size, re-lay the gold and re- 
burnish. 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 25 

Be careful, when burnishing edges and corners, to 
bear as lightly as possible with the burnisher, in order 
to avoid chipping. 

20. — Marks in the burnish sometimes appear which 
seem to be stains, and which branch off in many 
ways. Such defects are most probably caused by the 
gin-water being too strong. 

21. — The next step will be to apply the oil gold-size 
to these parts which have been left bare of gold and 
which have been thoroughly sized with the clear 
size. It is customary to previously go over with 
clear size these places which have been touched with 
burnish-size and which have not received any coating 
of gold ; otherwise the oil-size would be absorbed and 
would leave no tacky surface to which the gold leaf 
would adhere. Sufficient of the gold-size should be 
taken from the can containing it, after first stirring 
the gold-size up thoroughly, so as to mix it completely 
with the oil which generally settles on top of it. A 
piece of tin or glass is the best thing to work from, 
and the bristle brush with which the size is to be 
applied should be well rubbed on it from time to 
time, to distribute the size thoroughly through the 
brush. 

. The size must be applied thoroughly to the frame, 
not too freely, so as to run and settle in hollows, but 
just enough to cover the surface with a complete coat- 
ing. Be particular to work the size into all corners 
and crevices. The brush should not at any time be 



26 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

overcharged with the size. If the size is not evenly 
distributed over the frame, those places where it 
settles will simply coat over with a film, leaving the 
size underneath still fluid, and when the gold comes 
to be rubbed in with the blender, the film will quickly 
rub off, and the gold leaf will consequently not ad- 
here. 

If any of the oil-size has got upon the burnished 
parts, which in spite of all care will occur at times, it 
must be rubbed o3 with a chamois-skin and if such 
places are still dingy after the oil gilding, they will 
admit of considerable polishing with the chamois. 

22. — The coat of oil-size must now be allowed to dry. 
The time required for this purpose depends altogether 
upon the drying quality of the size. It is generally 
made to dry in about ten hours and to retain its tacky 
surface for several days. It is well to allow it to 
stand for, at least, from twenty to twenty-four hours ; 
particularly in the winter time, as the more thoroughly 
dry it is, the brighter will the gilding appear when 
completed. 

When this coating of oil-size has dried sufficiently, 
it will be ready to have the leaf applied. The leaf, as 
it is applied, is pressed down gently with a pad of 
cotton batting. When the frame has been completely 
covered, take a soft fitch blender and with it distribute 
the gold thoroughly into corners and depressions. 
Be careful not to rub too hard, or the gold will be 
either rubbed off or assume a greasy appearance. 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 27 

If this be all properly done, the gold will have 
almost as bright and polished an appearance as if it 
had been burnished. 

23. — After dusting the frame well, to remove as 
much of the dust and particles of leaf as possible, 
proceed to give these portions only of the frame which 
have been gilded in oil a coat of finishing-size, which 
is prepared in the following manner: 

Take one part of the melted gelatine or glue, as al- 
ready prepared, and add to it four parts of water. Now, 
with a camel's hair brush, apply this finishing size, hot, 
or nearly so, very sparingly, but very thoroughly. This 
finishing size may be colored, if desired, so as to deep- 
en the shade of gold ; using for that purpose, dragon's 
blood, gum gamboge or aniline yellow. Only one 
coat of this siz^ should be applied. This finishing- 
size serves to give a uniform appearance to the gold, 
slightly matting the metallic lustre of it, and having 
the efiect also to absorb and remove the loose gold 
dust and particles still remaining. It also protects 
the surface from becoming dingy from smoke or other 
impurities which frequently prevail in rooms. 

24. — If it should be desired to render the appear- 
ance of the gold still duller or more matted, a very 
thin coat of the ormolu, which is hereinafter described, 
should be applied instead of the finishing-size. The 
more matted the appearance of the surrounding gold, 
the brighter and more lustrous will be the burnished 
part. This is altogether a matter of taste and fashion, 



28 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

sometimes a preference for one effect and sometimes 
for another, prevailing with the public. 

25. — Before the application of the finishing size, any 
imperfectly covered places must be regilded, using for 
a size the Japan gold size. This size sets in aboat an 
hour, and for that reason is preferable to the ordinary 
oil-size. The places to be regilt should be first gone 
over with shellac varnish. Whenever gold is to be 
regilt, it must be gone over with shellac, as otherwise 
it will have a greasy appearance. 

26. — Old frames that are to be regilt, should be first 
washed clean and free from dirt, and then be given a 
coat of shellac before the oil-size is applied. Where 
any burnish has been, it must, of course, be washed 
off before the reburnishing can be done. 

Some gilders use shellac varnish* in place of the 
clear size, to size the frame for the oil gilding. It 
works well enough on the composition parts, but on 
the flats and hollows it dries so rapidly that it leaves 
ridges and inequalities to such an extent that the 
smoothness of the work is spoiled. For quick work, 
however, and by using the shellac very sparingly and 
giving two coats of it, very good results are to be 
had. 

27. — Flats are generally matted. Occupying, as they 
do, a prominent and conspicuous position, being next 
to the picture which is to occupy the frame, they re- 
quire to be very perfectly done, and they are therefore 
done in water-gilt^ and subsequently matted with a coat 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 29 

and sometimes with two of ormolu. The flat to be 
matted is proceeded with as follows : 

After all imperfections have been removed, it must 
be rubbed smooth with very fine sand paper and pol- 
ished with a moist rag. Three coats of burnish-size 
are then applied very evenly and smoothly to it, avoid- 
ing all marks of the brush where possible ; or two coats 
of yellow clay, prepared in the same manner as the 
burnish-size, and afterwards two coats of bnrnish-size, 
are given. When the final coat is sufficiently dry, the 
flat must be polished with a piece of coarse paper, or 
it may even be burnished, when time is no object. If 
the inside edge should be intended to be burnished 
after being laid in gold, that part must not be pol- 
ished, nor receive the coat of very thin glue water, 
which is to be applied after the polishing process to all 
that part which is to be matted. This coat of glue 
water must be applied very evenly and freely to the 
flat, avoiding bubbles if possible When dry, the flat 
is all laid in gold in the same manner as proceeded 
with when laying the gold for the burnish work, 

28. — The best plan to lay a perfect flat is to double- 
gild it, which consists in simply laying on another 
coat of gold after the first has dried. The first coat 
when dry, as well as the second, must be rubbed 
smooth with a wad of cotton batting. Care must be 
exercised during this process, in order to avoid, as 
much as possible, disturbing the lay. To lay a sec- 
ond coat over the first, the gin-water must be washed 



80 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

over at once, so as to avoid washing up the gold 
leaf. 

29. — After the gold has been rubbed smooth with the 
cotton, a coat of ormolu must be applied to the un- 
burnished part, to impart to it the matted appearance 
required. The ormolu should be applied warm and 
by means of a camel's hair brush, and the application 
must be very nicely and carefully done. 

80. — The following is the manner in which the 
ormolu is prepared : 

Take a teaspoonful of either the tincture of gum ben- 
zoin or of white shellac varnish, and mix it in a cup 
with about twice or three times its bulk of the highest 
proof alcohol. Now have ready a hot solution of glue 
or of gelatine, of about the same strength as that of 
the finishing size. The quantity should be about one- 
half a teacupful. This must be poured quickly and 
all at once into the solution of the gum benzoin or of 
shellac, and the result will be a perfect emulsion of 
the gum, which will be of a milky white appearance. 
This, of course, should be strained, and is to be ap- 
plied as already described. If the first coat should 
appear spotty and streaky, a second one will be neces- 
sary. In applying either the finishing size or the 
ormolu, it is well to have a lump of alum convenient, 
to which, from time to time, the brush may be ap- 
plied. This will, in the case of either, cause it to go 
on in a better manner and to lay more evenly. 

The ormolu, as prepared by the above method, will 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 31 

keep for any length of time. It may also be slightly 
colored, if it be desired to give the gold a deeper 
tinge. 

81. — The frame will now be about finished, as far as 
the gilding is concerned. The sections must now be 
returned to their respective places and securely nailed 
together. 

The outside edge of the frame, if it has been burn- 
ished, will require no further preparation, but if it has 
been gilded in oil, or if it has simply been laid in 
water, it should have a coat of white spirit varnish 
applied with a camel's hair brush. This coating of 
varnish will render the layer of leaf sufficiently hard 
to be handled without injury to it. 

32. — When the edge has not been gilded at all, it is 
the practice to give it two coats of yellow ochre, 
mixed about as strong as those of the pipe clay and 
applied with a bristle brush. The j^ellow ochre 
should be strained before being applied. 

33. — Before anything has been done to the frame, 
and after the sections have been taken apart, it is well 
to protect the outside corners with pieces of wood 
securely fastened to the back. This will prevent 
them from being injured while being gilded. Gilders 
generally suspend a frame when not being worked 
upon, to some projection, to keep it out of the way of 
injury; but, with the corners protected, it may be 
stood anywhere with safety. 

34. — In the foregoing description of the process 



32 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

of gilding, the burnished part has been described as 
being done before the oil gilding. The oil gilding 
may, however, be done first and the burnishing after- 
wards. This manner of proceeding is generally prac- 
ticed in Europe, but not so much in this country. 

However, when much burnishing is to be done, 
this method is recommended. All those parts of the 
frame which are to be oil gilded must be coated with 
the oil gold-size ; and wherever this size has got upon 
places to be burnished, it must be scrupulously wiped 
off. Then, after the size has set and before it has 
been gilded, all these parts which are to be burnished 
must be gone over with a coat or two of pipe clay, to 
which has been added an extra quantity of ox-gall, in 
order to cause these coats to lay perfectly over any 
spots which the oil-size may have touched. Then 
apply the burnish-size, as previously described. 
When burnishing, be very careful not to touch with 
the burnisher those parts which have been oil gilded, 
and do not burnish too close to them. 

35. — Sanded work is used very much in combination 

with composition on picture-frames. The sand, or 

crushed quartz, is made to adhere by means of glue. 

Such sanded work must have a very thorough coating 

/' of Paris white before being gilded. 

36. — Plain wood, where the grain is to be shown 
after being gilt, must be well treated with shellac be- 
fore having the size applied. 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 33 



THE BRONZING PROCESS. 

I. 

The implements and materials required for the 
bronzing process are the same as those required for 
gilding, with the exception of the gold leaf, the cushion 
knife and tips ; and with the addition of the bronze 
POWDERS of the necessary colors, and of copal VAR- 
NISH. These may be obtained from any dealer in 
art materials ; but, of course, those of the best quality 
only should be used. 

11. 

1. — The frame which is to be bronzed must be pro- 
ceeded with in the same manner as described in the 
gilding process. That is to say, all imperfections 
must be first remedied and the frame put in perfect 
order. 

2. — Two coats of pipe clay are then to be applied to 
all of the composition work, using a bristle brush for 
that purpose. The pipe clay is to be prepared as al- 
ready described for the gilding process. 

3. — Two coats of burnish-size must next be applied 
all over the frame, using a bristle brush instead of a 
camel's hair brush on the composition parts. For the 
smooth parts of the frame, a camel's hair brush may 



34 GILDING AND BRONZING. 

be used, as a more even surface may be obtained in 
that way. The burnish-size should be applied very 
sparingly, so as not to clog up the ornamental parts 
of the frame. After having given the frame two 
tborough coats of the burnish-size, a third and final 
coat of the same size must be applied. To this final 
coat, before being applied, should be added a small 
quantity of powdered lamp black. The addition of 
the lamp black is not absolutely necessary, however, 
as the object for which it is used is simply to give a 
darker appearance to the final coat, which, in the 
crevices and hollows, when the whole work receives 
the varnish coat, then assumes that antique appear- 
ance. The lamp black rather impairs the burnishing 
quality of the size, though not to any serious extent. 
4. — After the final coat has been applied, put some 
of the bronze powder which is to be used into a small 
saucer. A very little bronze powder will go a great 
way. Ill another saucer, pour a weak solution of 
gelatine or of gum arable. This must be just suffi- 
ciently strong to hold the bronze powder on the 
frame. The usual way of proceeding, in order to 
apply the bronze powder, is to dip the fingers first 
into the gelatine or gum arable, and then into the 
bronze powder, and proceed to rub it on to the work 
to be bronzed. It may be applied with a bristle 
brush, and, where the powder is to be inserted into 
cracks and crevices, it must be so applied. The ob- 
ject of using the fingers is, that with them a smoother 



GILDING AND BRONZING. 85 

and thinner coat can be obtained ; and the smoother 
and thinner the coat, the better will it burnish. 

5. — When the frame has been completely covered 
and the coating is sufficiently dry, all the flat and 
smooth parts of the frame, and all those parts of the 
composition work also which are in relief, must be 
completely burnished. This part of the work requires 
a great deal of patience and time ; but one is fully 
repaid for the labor bestowed, in the brilliancy of the 
work when done. 

6. — After the frame has been burnished sufficiently, 
a thin coat of copal varnish is to be given all over it. 
The varnish is intended to protect the bronze from 
tarnishing through contact with the air, as well as 
from any moisture which might accidentally get on 
the frame, and which, of course, would remove the 
film of bronze. 




